Disaster

Selasa, 18 Oktober 2016

ECOLOGICAL DISASTER INDONESIA AND SUSTAINABILITY


ECOLOGICAL DISASTER INDONESIA AND SUSTAINABILITY

Disaster is a situation where the way to live a normal Society has failed as a result of the extraordinary events of misfortune, either because of natural events or human actions (Sphere Project, 2000).

Introduction
Indonesia is a country prone and vulnerable to disasters, both natural and derived from yangterjadi effects of human activity. Within five years, the 1998-2004 disaster occurs 1150 times, with 9900 dead people as well as a loss of USD 5922 billion. Three major disaster is a flood (402 times, victims of 1144 people, loss of 647.04 billion USD), fire (193 times, victims of 44 people, loss of 137.25 billion USD) and landslides (294 times, victims of 747 souls, 21 losses , 44 billion USD)-PBP 2005.

Interesting, because the three disasters are man-made disasters. Kartodihardjo and Jhamtani call this a catastrophic development, defined as a combination of factors caused the environmental crisis and development of natural phenomenon itself, which is exacerbated by the destruction of natural resources and the environment and injustice in the social development policy. This paper therefore wishes to highlight the disaster of which arise from man-made and negligence towards the environment and natural assets and do not discuss pure disaster due to natural phenomena such as tsunamis and earthquakes.

One Mind Disaster Leads

Disasters such as floods, droughts and landslides are often regarded as natural disasters and also fate. Though the phenomenon, more common because of environmental mismanagement and natural assets, which occurred in accumulative and ongoing.

According Kartodihardjo and Jhamtani, floods covering 32.96% of the number of disasters, while landslides represents 25.04% of total disaster. In fact, in the coastal Jawa3, during the period 1996 to 1999 alone, there are at least 1289 villages affected by flooding. Number increased nearly 3 times (2823 villages) until the end of 2003, which is also the implication of the destruction of coastal ecosystems due to land conversion, destructive fishing, reclamation, to marine pollution (where 80% of the industry on the island of Java, located along the northern coast of Java ) - (Environmental Politics and Power in Indonesia, Equinox Publishing, 2006).

In addition to floods, drought is the other disasters that increasingly often the case in Indonesia. Lately, the dry season in Indonesia has become a long and irregular, although geographically and naturally premises located on the track of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). For example, although the dry 2003 include normal, but recorded 78 drought in 11 provinces, with the worst impact is the area of West Java and Central Java. The main impact of drought which is decreasing water availability, both in the reservoir and the river, the worst is the island of Java (Status of Environment of Indonesia 2004, Jakarta, KLH). Impact sequel is in the water sector, food production and supply of electricity. Drought is also related to forest fires because of dry weather sparked the expansion of forest and land fires and the spread of smoke.
The impact of these disasters not only in loss of lives and property, but also have an impact on agricultural production, pollution of water sources as well as wider social issues such as refugees and migration.
Although the frequency of disasters has increased significantly in recent years, the government did not conduct a thorough study of the patterns and causes of the disaster.

Significant threat occurs in three main sectors prerequisite for the sustainability of life, namely water, food and energy. For water, the greatest threat comes from the increasing demand significantly and increasingly limited availability of proper water consumption. Limitation comes from the decline in water quality (caused by pollution, intrusion and damage to water sources) and the quantity of water (due to privatization, commodification of water and ineffisiensi distribution). In Jakarta, for example, residents who are connected with a network of Drinking Water Company (PAM), amounted to less than 51 percent of the total residents. As a result, most residents take ground water (wells, or pump) and also buy bottled water or water vendors around. In fact, about 70 percent of groundwater in Jakarta shows the condition does not qualify as allowable drinking water. As a result of water changed the essence of the basic needs of a commodity. (In 2004, Jakarta has a population of 8,792,000 inhabitants with population growth rate of 0.8% and has 2,322,178 households. (CBS, 2003). Monitoring of the 48 wells conducted in Jakarta in 2004. The monitoring results show 27 wells carrying heavy polluted and defiled, and 21 other wells are indicated lightly blackened and in good condition. The region has the worst water quality was the North Jakarta because this region is generally used for industrial estates and dense residential, while areas with water quality is still good enough is the South Jakarta (www.bplh.jakarta.go.id). The results also showed 15 percent of monitoring wells exceed the quality standards for parameters of iron (Fe) and 27 percent exceed the quality standards for parameters Manganese (Mn). and 46 percent exceeded the quality standard for the parameters of detergent (MBAS concentration).
70% of the population on the island of Java, stay and live in coastal areas of Java)

A similar situation occurs with the food. The loss of sovereignty of the people on food leads to hunger and malnutrition cases. In NTT, there are 13 thousand more children for malnutrition, as many as 36 of them meningggal world. The quality of human resources in Indonesia (HDI) ranks 111 out of 177 countries (UNDP, 2004).

Indonesian sea is so vast, certainly capable of becoming the biggest contributor to marine fisheries in the world, by providing 3.6 million tons from marine fisheries production as a whole in 1997 (Burke, et all, 2002). Ironically, at the national level, fish consumption is only around 19 kg / capita / year, lower than Vietnam and Malaysia that current levels of consumption reached 33 kg / capita / year. Fishermen are the poorest groups in Indonesia and more marginalized from time to time.

The green revolution has eliminated 75% of the 12,000 local rice varieties and gave birth to a new dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides from foreign companies. Local biodiversity loss and food security. Our country becomes a pure rice importer since the mid 90s. Trade liberalization has changed the function of a multi-dimensional food become mere commodities trading. Even the WTO defines food security as "food availability in the market." This concept is in practice to force people in developing countries to meet the food that will be met by developed countries through the free market mechanism, which led to the catastrophe of food in different places.

Energy sovereignty was at stake. Transnational corporations (TNCs Transnational Corporations or) have drawn 75% of our oil reserves to this day. While 58% of total natural gas production and 70% of coal for export. Meanwhile, 90% of energy needs of the Indonesian people are made dependent on fuel and 45% of households have access to electricity. There was never any real strategy to reduce dependence on petroleum. What precisely do is drive to continuously consume a handful of people who benefit.

Meanwhile, the choice of cheap energy, easily accessible, and the net has become a very rare option. Today when the country surrendered on diktasi free market, which has become more dependent people are forced to buy energy at world market prices. The fuel price hike, according to numerous studies to increase poverty to 11%. The total poor people in Indonesia after the jump in fuel price hike to 41%.

Increase in prices of consumer goods, low purchasing power, lack of employment opportunities not only increase the number of poor people. On the other hand a lot of media coverage shows changes in consumption patterns, especially women and children. People forced to reduce the intake of nutrients for tactical buy kerosene.

Then, the reduced field work plus the rising prices of goods that is triggered to encourage people to participate damage the environment for a bite of rice. The rise of people's involvement in environmentally destructive illegal mining in South Kalimantan, West Java, North Sulawesi, East Kalimantan, and Papua is the fact the failure of the state guarantees the livelihood of its citizens.

From the above phenomena, an important aspect to consider is the pattern of ecological destruction and climate patterns. For example the water crisis, the Java-Bali predictable immediate crisis. But this phenomenon does not become a lesson by other regions, such as Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi, which has been increasingly frequent water crisis. In the dry season we are always short of water and we are flooded in the rainy season, this indicates that all the infrastructure built to manipulate the environment have failed, because the source of the problem is not dealt with seriously. Crisis after crisis due to mismanagement is then lead to ecological disaster is increasingly evident.

Ecological Disasters

Ecological disaster is the accumulation of ecological crisis caused by the injustice and the failure of the maintenance of natural systems that have resulted in the collapse of institutions of public life.

Currently, the sustainability of Indonesia is critical at this point because of ecological disasters that occur cumulatively and simultaneously in various places, without any significant effort to reduce susceptibility and vulnerability of communities to the impacts of ecological disaster.

Signs of Ecological Disaster
Sign of ecological disaster would have in front of the eye where the community as major stakeholders and the environment are in condition:

1. The absence of selection for survival
In many places, communities arrive at no other choice for survival. Malay communities dependent of the yield on the Siak River Basin sepanjangan must change their livelihoods when dozens of companies taking over the forestry concessions over public lands. Communities turning to fishing rivers. The establishment of processing industries along the Siak River plus the failure of governments to regulate sewage polluted rivers so that the catch has dropped dramatically. The absence of choice is eventually made most of the Malay community located along the Siak River migrate to other areas as labor unions while others remain small while expecting assistance from relatives working in Malaysia, as well as laborers.

2. The failure of ecosystem functions
Failure to comply with the deregulation of government functions to cause damage to ecosystem functions. Many large-scale plantations, forest concession or mining industries are taking over the area of society that have created a symbiotic mutualism with the surrounding ecosystem, entering the water catchment areas, cutting the home range of protected species, etc.. These industries then become the parasite to the ecosystem as well as weaken the existing ecosystem. At one point, the failure of the ecosystem is then to be paid by a number of catastrophic floods, landslides, new pests, malaria, wildlife conflicts with humans, etc..

3. Ketersingkiran
The policy states that do not recognize the rights of local communities make
hundreds of communities have to step aside from his own land when the large-scale industries in support of the government taking over their lands. To this day, land tenure conflicts are still ongoing with no one giving a positive indication of people's rights to ownership.


4.Kemiskinan
Mentioned that the development of large-scale industries are devoted to the welfare of society. The fact that precisely the opposite in fact met with such jargon. Interesting when viewed precisely pockets of poverty that most even the most banyakdi jutsru areas rich in resources alam.Di Sumatra, 64 percent of the poor even just being around these concessions and plantation forestry. In the area of the industry itself, many found the workers who were forced to work 18 hours a day for a small fee can only meet its needs until the end of the month. Diseases of malnutrition is one thing that is familiar and can be witnessed everywhere.

5. Death
In the end the government's failure to meet the basic needs of society and its inability to ensure the ecological functions has created a number of tragedies that took the lives of victims. In the last seven years nearly tujuhratus people have died in vain due to floods and landslides that caused the failure of ecosystem functions. Thousands more had to repeat her life from scratch.

PRE-CONDITIONS to save INDONESIA from ecological disaster
To curb and reduce the rate of the broader ecological disaster will require some pre-requisites, as follows:
1. Reorientation of the development vision of sustainable development (sustainable development) into a sustainable society (sustainable societies)
2. Advance bioregion approach and leave the sectoral paradigm in the management of natural assets and areas.
3. Resolve agrarian conflicts and natural resources, followed by genuine agrarian reform
4. Develop a genuine people's participation in development with a strong indicator of people's organizations, critical and independent
5. Building resilience and resistance against the privatization and commodification of people's livelihoods
6. Recognising local knowledge of life management of the resources and put back the role of the state as the guarantor of citizens' constitutional rights

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